Navigation.Geometry is one of the oldest branches of Mathematics that has been used widely since ancient times. Precursor of NASA) established a method of designating classes ofĪirfoils to provide lift coefficients and Airfoils can come with all kinds ofĬombinations of camber and thickness distributions. Values divided by the chord length to produce a non-dimensional or The maximum distance between the upper and lower Which is a measure of the curvature of the airfoil (high camber means Maximum distance between the two lines is called the camber, But in most cases, these are two separate lines. Shape as the lower surface) the mean camber line will fall on top of For a symmetric airfoil (upper surface the same Upper and lower surfaces, we obtain a curve called the mean camber If we plot the points that lie halfway between the The chord line cuts the airfoil into an upper surface and a The leading to trailing edges of the airfoil is called the chord This side view isĬalled an airfoil, and it has some geometry definitions of its With a slight anhedral to improve the aircraftĪ cut through the wing perpendicular to the leading and trailingĮdges will show the cross-section of the wing. Historical Note: The Wright brothers designed their 1903 A negative dihedral angle is called anhedral. Have the wing tips lower than the roots giving the aircraft a high roll You may have noticed that most largeĪirliner wings are designed with diherdral. Makes with the local horizontal is called the dihedral angle.ĭihedral is added to the wings for roll stability a wing with someĭihedral will naturally return to its original position if it encountersĪ slight roll displacement. Lie in the same plane but meet at an angle. The front view of this wing shows that the left and right wing do not They can change the aspect ratio in flightīy pivoting the wings-large span for low speed, small span for high Of the lift to the drag, a glider is usually designed with a very highĪspect ratio because of high speed effects, and therefore is a very poor glider. Which depends inversely on the aspect ratio.Ī higher aspect ratio wing has a lower drag and a While low aspect ratio wings have either short spans or thick chords High aspect ratio wings have long spans (like high performance gliders), Wing, this reduces to the ratio of the span to the chord length as shown The span divided by the wing area and is given the symbol AR. The Aspect Ratio of a wing is defined to be the square of Of how long and slender a wing is from tip to tip. The wing area is a projectedĪrea and is almost half of the total surface area. Note: The wing area is NOT the total surface Planform and is bounded by the leading and trailing edges and the The wing area, A, is the projected area of the For a rectangular wing, theĬhord length at every location along the span is the same. In thisįigure, the planform is a rectangle. Looking down onto the wing, is called a planform. The shape of the wing, when viewed from above Tips, and the distance from one wing tip to the other is called The distance from the leading to trailing edges is called The back of the wing (at the top) is called the trailingĮdge. Theįront of the wing (at the bottom) is called the leading edge The top view shows a simple wing geometry, like thatįound on a light general aviation aircraft. Wing leading edge, and the right shows a side view from the left The lower left shows the view from the front looking at the The upper left shows the view from the top looking down on the wing, The figure shows the wing viewed from three directions Three-dimensional objects, but we will start with some simpleĭefinitions. The terminology is used throughout the airplane industry and is alsoĭeveloped here at NASA Glenn. This slide gives technical definitions of a wing's geometry, which
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