In addition to the functions of the cells themselves, paracrine soluble factors produced by stem cells, known as the stem cell secretome, have been found to be another mechanism by which stem cell-based therapies mediate their effects in degenerative, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications. Stem cells are being studied for a number of reasons. Research ĭiseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is promising or emerging In 2014, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of limbal stem cells for people with severe limbal stem cell deficiency due to burns in the eye. The FDA has approved five hematopoietic stem-cell products derived from umbilical-cord blood, for the treatment of blood and immunological diseases. The doses are stored frozen until needed. MSCs are purified from the marrow, cultured and packaged, with up to 10,000 doses derived from a single donor. It is an allogenic stem therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow of adult donors. Īnother stem-cell therapy, called Prochymal, was conditionally approved in Canada in 2012 for the management of acute graft-vs-host disease in children who are unresponsive to steroids. The transplanted cells also generate an immune response that helps to kill off the cancer cells this process can go too far, however, leading to graft vs host disease, the most serious side effect of this treatment. This is the side effect of conventional chemotherapy strategies that the stem-cell transplant attempts to reverse a donor's healthy bone marrow reintroduces functional stem cells to replace the cells lost in the host's body during treatment. These agents, however, cannot discriminate between the leukaemia or neoplastic cells, and the hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow. During chemotherapy, most growing cells are killed by the cytotoxic agents. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.įurther information: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantationįor over 30 years, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been used to treat people with conditions such as leukaemia and lymphoma this is the only widely practiced form of stem-cell therapy. This controversy is often related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells as well as to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. This usually takes the form of a bone-marrow transplantation, but the cells can also be derived from umbilical cord blood. As of 2016, the only established therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Although the benefits of cell-based therapy have been clearly demonstrated in pre-clinical studies, some questions remain regarding the biological mechanisms of repair and safety, dose, route and timing of cell delivery, which ultimately will determine its optimal clinical use.This article is about the medical therapy. In this work, we reviewed the pathophysiological mechanisms of traumatic brain injury, the biological rationale for using stem cells and progenitor cells, and the results of clinical trials using cell-based therapy for traumatic brain injury. In these studies, stem cells and progenitor cells were shown to migrate into the injured brain and proliferate, exerting protective effects through possible cell replacement, gene and protein transfer, and release of anti-inflammatory and growth factors. Over the last fifteen years, pre-clinical studies in regenerative medicine utilizing cell-based therapy have generated enthusiasm as a possible treatment option for traumatic brain injury. There are no direct effective therapies available. intracranial pressure) and preventive measures to reduce morbidity and mortality. Current guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injuries are primarily supportive, with an emphasis on surveillance (i.e. Traumatic brain injury is a major economic burden to hospitals in terms of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and utilization of intensive care units.
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